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Regula potrivit c\u0103reia cel care afirm\u0103 o preten\u021bie \u00een proces trebuie s\u0103 o dovedeasc\u0103 este una fundamental\u0103 \u00een dreptul procesual civil rom\u00e2n, o expresie a principiului onus probandi incumbit ei qui dicit, non ei qui negat<\/em> (\u201esarcina probei revine celui care afirm\u0103, nu celui care neag\u0103\u201d).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Reglementarea expres\u0103 apare \u00een Articolul 249 din Codul de procedur\u0103 civil\u0103 (Legea nr. 134\/2010), care are urm\u0103torul con\u021binut:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Art. 249 \u2013 Sarcina probei Aceast\u0103 regul\u0103 stabile\u0219te distribu\u021bia sarcinii probei \u00eentre p\u0103r\u021bile procesului. Reclamantul trebuie s\u0103 dovedeasc\u0103 faptele care \u00eentemeiaz\u0103 preten\u021bia sa (ex. existen\u021ba unui contract, a unei datorii, a unui prejudiciu). P\u00e2r\u00e2tul, la r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u, trebuie s\u0103 dovedeasc\u0103 faptele care duc la stingerea, modificarea sau \u00eempiedicarea dreptului reclamantului (ex. plat\u0103, compensa\u021bie, prescrip\u021bie). Art. 249 C.proc.civ. trebuie citit \u00eempreun\u0103 cu, Art. 254 C.proc.civ. \u2013 privind mijloacele de prob\u0103, Art. 255 C.proc.civ. \u2013 privind sarcina de a propune probele \u0219i Art. 22 alin. (2) \u2013 rolul activ al judec\u0103torului, care poate ordona administrarea altor probe dac\u0103 apreciaz\u0103 necesar. \u00cenalta Curte de Casa\u0163ie \u015fi Justi\u0163ie a hot\u0103r\u00e2t c\u0103, potrivit regulilor proba\u0163iunii, instituite prin art. 1169 C. civ. 1864 (art. 249 NCPC), sarcina probei incumb\u0103 celui care afirm\u0103 ceva, iar nu celui care neag\u0103 (probatio incumbit ei qui dicit non ei qui negat<\/em>). \u00cen spe\u0163\u0103, \u00eentr-un litigiu viz\u00e2nd restituirea \u00een natur\u0103 a unui imobil \u00een temeiul Legii nr. 10\/2001, p\u00e2r\u00e2\u0163ii, printre care \u015fi Mun. Bucure\u015fti, prin Primarul General, au sus\u0163inut c\u0103 reclaman\u0163ii au \u00eencasat desp\u0103gubiri pentru imobilul \u00een litigiu \u00een baza Acordului rom\u00e2no-francez din anul 1959. \u00cenalta Curte a re\u0163inut c\u0103 doar simpla invocare a existen\u0163ei acordului nu este suficient\u0103 pentru a se face dovada \u00eencas\u0103rii unor desp\u0103gubiri de c\u0103tre reclaman\u0163i, iar p\u00e2r\u00e2\u0163ii nu au administrat probe din care s\u0103 rezulte c\u0103 pentru imobilul \u00een discu\u0163ie reclaman\u0163ii au fost beneficiari ai unor sume de bani reprezent\u00e2nd desp\u0103gubiri. \u00cenalta Curte a re\u0163inut c\u0103 reclaman\u0163ii au depus la dosarul cauzei declara\u0163ii pe proprie r\u0103spundere \u00een sensul c\u0103 nu au primit niciun fel de desp\u0103gubiri potrivit acordurilor interna\u0163ionale, declara\u0163ii care r\u0103stoarn\u0103 prezum\u0163ia de desp\u0103gubire a persoanelor care au format obiectul acordurilor interna\u0163ionale, prev\u0103zut\u0103 de art. 5 din Legea nr. 10\/2001. (<\/em>Decizia nr. 1927 din 17 iunie 2014 pronun\u0163at\u0103 \u00een recurs de Sec\u0163ia I civil\u0103 a \u00cenaltei Cur\u0163i de Casa\u0163ie \u015fi Justi\u0163ie<\/em><\/a> av\u00e2nd ca obiect restituire imobil preluat abuziv)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00centr-o ac\u021biune \u00een preten\u021bii (art. 249), reclamantul trebuie s\u0103 dovedeasc\u0103 existen\u021ba datoriei (contract, facturi, coresponden\u021b\u0103 etc.). \u00centr-o ac\u021biune \u00een r\u0103spundere civil\u0103 delictual\u0103, reclamantul trebuie s\u0103 dovedeasc\u0103 fapta ilicit\u0103, prejudiciul \u0219i leg\u0103tura de cauzalitate. Dac\u0103 p\u00e2r\u00e2tul invoc\u0103 prescrip\u021bia, el trebuie s\u0103 dovedeasc\u0103 momentul na\u0219terii dreptului \u0219i trecerea termenului legal. \u00centr-o selec\u021bie solid\u0103 de literatur\u0103 de specialitate rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 care trateaz\u0103 \u00een detaliu art. 249 C. proc. civ. \u0219i principiul sarcinii probei, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu orientarea doctrinar\u0103 a fiec\u0103rui autor avem dup\u0103 cum urmeaz\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Gabriel Boroi & Mirela Stancu \u2013 \u201eNoul Cod de procedur\u0103 civil\u0103 comentat \u0219i adnotat\u201d Editura Hamangiu, 2022 (edi\u021bia actualizat\u0103) Comentariu la art. 249 C.proc.civ., pag. 693\u2013697. Viorel Mihai Ciobanu & Marian Nicolae \u2013 \u201eTratat teoretic \u0219i practic de procedur\u0103 civil\u0103\u201d Vol. I, Ed. Universul Juridic, 2013, pp. 761\u2013770. Profesorul Ciobanu ofer\u0103 o analiz\u0103 de profunzime asupra naturii juridice a sarcinii probei: \u201eSarcina probei nu este doar o obliga\u021bie procesual\u0103, ci \u0219i o regul\u0103 de solu\u021bionare a cauzei, care indic\u0103 instan\u021bei pe seama cui se \u00eenclin\u0103 balan\u021ba \u00een caz de \u00eendoial\u0103.\u201d. Nicolae completeaz\u0103 cu o perspectiv\u0103 teoretic\u0103 legat\u0103 de raportul dintre sarcina probei \u0219i principiul afl\u0103rii adev\u0103rului, men\u021bion\u00e2nd c\u0103 judec\u0103torul are un rol activ doar subsidiar, f\u0103r\u0103 a substitui p\u0103r\u021bile \u00een probatoriu. M. T\u0103b\u00e2rc\u0103 \u00een \u201eTratat de drept procesual civil\u201d Vol. I, Ed. Universul Juridic, 2019, pp. 893\u2013902, ofer\u0103 o analiz\u0103 complet\u0103 a art. 249 \u0219i a \u201eteoriei sarcinii dinamice a probei\u201d, potrivit c\u0103reia, \u00een anumite materii (de ex. dreptul muncii, consumatori), judec\u0103torul poate deplasa sarcina probei c\u0103tre partea mai puternic\u0103. Potrivit acestuia \u201eDistribu\u021bia clasic\u0103 a sarcinii probei poate fi flexibilizat\u0103 \u00een func\u021bie de particularit\u0103\u021bile raportului juridic, pentru a asigura efectivitatea dreptului la un proces echitabil.\u201d Corneliu B\u00eersan \u00een \u201eDrept procesual civil. Vol. I \u2013 Teoria general\u0103\u201d, Ed. Hamangiu, 2020, pp. 457\u2013463, analizeaz\u0103 principiul onus probandi \u00een corela\u021bie cu dreptul la un proces echitabil (art. 6 CEDO), \u201eDistribuirea sarcinii probei trebuie s\u0103 asigure echilibrul \u00eentre p\u0103r\u021bi \u0219i posibilitatea real\u0103 de a-\u0219i exercita dreptul la ap\u0103rare; o distribu\u021bie dispropor\u021bionat\u0103 echivaleaz\u0103 cu o \u00eenc\u0103lcare a art. 6 CEDO.\u201d Ca jurispruden\u021b\u0103 comentat\u0103, avem Lucian Mihai, coord. \u2013 \u201eCulegere de practic\u0103 judiciar\u0103 comentat\u0103 \u00een materie civil\u0103. Noul Cod de procedur\u0103 civil\u0103\u201d, Ed. Hamangiu, 2017. Sec\u021biunea \u201eSarcina probei\u201d include cazuri din Cur\u021bile de Apel Bucure\u0219ti, Cluj \u0219i Timi\u0219oara privind aplicarea art. 249, inclusiv situa\u021bii de reversare a sarcinii probei. Printre perspectivele teoretice recente, M. Zilahi \u2013 \u201eDespre sarcina probei \u00een lumina principiului propor\u021bionalit\u0103\u021bii\u201d, Revista Rom\u00e2n\u0103 de Drept Privat, nr. 4\/2021. Articolul argumenteaz\u0103 c\u0103 \u00een anumite materii (discriminare, r\u0103spundere medical\u0103), sarcina probei trebuie \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit\u0103 propor\u021bional \u00eentre p\u0103r\u021bi, pentru a evita o dispropor\u021bie de putere. Alin Ciobanu \u00een \u201eSarcina probei \u0219i principiul echit\u0103\u021bii\u201d, Pandectele Rom\u00e2ne, nr. 2\/2020, reia \u0219i el aceea\u0219i tem\u0103. Regula potrivit c\u0103reia cel care afirm\u0103 o preten\u021bie \u00een proces trebuie s\u0103 o dovedeasc\u0103 este…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1886,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2256","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-chestiuni-generale-cu-referire-la-drept"],"spectra_blocks_featured_image_url":{"thumbnail":{"url":"https:\/\/ulici.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/ciocanjust-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150},"medium":{"url":"https:\/\/ulici.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/ciocanjust-300x200.jpg","width":300,"height":200},"medium_large":{"url":"https:\/\/ulici.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/ciocanjust-768x512.jpg","width":768,"height":512},"large":{"url":"https:\/\/ulici.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/ciocanjust-1024x683.jpg","width":1024,"height":683},"full":{"url":"https:\/\/ulici.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/ciocanjust-scaled.jpg","width":2560,"height":1707}},"spectra_blocks_author_info":{"display_name":"Octavian Ulici","avatar_url":"https:\/\/ulici.ro\/wp-content\/litespeed\/avatar\/451557ad5254bbf7a11b132baa14d96c.jpg?ver=1784634896","author_link":"https:\/\/ulici.ro\/en\/author\/avocatulicigmail-com\/","description":""},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/ulici.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/ciocanjust-scaled.jpg",2560,1707,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/ulici.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/ciocanjust-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/ulici.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/ciocanjust-300x200.jpg",300,200,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/ulici.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/ciocanjust-768x512.jpg",768,512,true],"large":["https:\/\/ulici.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/ciocanjust-1024x683.jpg",1024,683,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/ulici.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/ciocanjust-1536x1024.jpg",1536,1024,true],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/ulici.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/ciocanjust-2048x1365.jpg",2048,1365,true],"trp-custom-language-flag":["https:\/\/ulici.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/ciocanjust-scaled.jpg",18,12,false],"woocommerce_thumbnail":["https:\/\/ulici.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/ciocanjust-scaled-300x300.jpg",300,300,true],"woocommerce_single":["https:\/\/ulici.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/ciocanjust-scaled-600x400.jpg",600,400,true],"woocommerce_gallery_thumbnail":["https:\/\/ulici.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/ciocanjust-scaled-100x100.jpg",100,100,true]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Octavian Ulici","author_link":"https:\/\/ulici.ro\/en\/author\/avocatulicigmail-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Regula potrivit c\u0103reia cel care afirm\u0103 o preten\u021bie \u00een proces trebuie s\u0103 o dovedeasc\u0103 este…","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulici.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2256","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulici.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulici.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulici.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulici.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2256"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ulici.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2256\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2257,"href":"https:\/\/ulici.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2256\/revisions\/2257"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulici.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1886"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulici.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2256"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulici.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2256"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulici.ro\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2256"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\u201eCel care face o sus\u021binere \u00een cursul procesului trebuie s\u0103 o dovedeasc\u0103, afar\u0103 de cazurile \u00een care legea \u00eel scute\u0219te de aceast\u0103 dovad\u0103.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Autorii subliniaz\u0103 c\u0103: \u201eSarcina probei reprezint\u0103 obliga\u021bia procesual\u0103 a p\u0103r\u021bii care afirm\u0103 existen\u021ba unui fapt juridic de a-l dovedi; ne\u00eendeplinirea acestei obliga\u021bii atrage pierderea procesului pe acel aspect.\u201d Boroi \u0219i Stancu explic\u0103 \u0219i excep\u021biile, cum ar fi prezum\u021biile legale sau situa\u021biile \u00een care legea r\u0103stoarn\u0103 sarcina probei (de exemplu, \u00een materia discrimin\u0103rii sau a protec\u021biei consumatorilor).
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Ioan Le\u0219 \u00een \u201eNoul Cod de procedur\u0103 civil\u0103. Comentariu pe articole\u201d Ed. C.H. Beck, 2021, p. 538\u2013541 (art. 249) reia abordarea tradi\u021bional\u0103 potrivit c\u0103reia \u201eReclamantul trebuie s\u0103 dovedeasc\u0103 faptele constitutive ale preten\u021biei sale, iar p\u00e2r\u00e2tul pe cele care duc la stingerea sau modificarea acesteia.\u201d Autorul adaug\u0103 exemple din jurispruden\u021b\u0103 \u0219i explic\u0103 limitele rolului activ al instan\u021bei \u00een administrarea probelor.
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